Selecciona una palabra y presiona la tecla d para obtener su definición.
 

1

I would like to thank Máximo Torreblanca, Ralph Penny, Douglas Gifford, and James Wyatt for their invaluable comments on drafts of this article.

 

2

Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española, ed. Martín de Riquer (Barcelona: Horta, 1943), p. 672.

 

3

Contemporary discussions of Castilian phonetics, such as that included in Juan de la Cuesta's Libro y Tratado para enseñar leer y escriuir breuemente y con gran facilidad cõ reta pronunciacion y verdadera ortographia todo Romance Castellano, y de la distincion y diferencia que ay en las letras consonãtes de vna a otras en su sonido y pronunciacion (Alcalá: casa de Juan Gracián, 1589), are valuable only as primary sources. They are conservative, prescriptive rather than descriptive, and lack modern linguistic concepts. I have used as sources: Amado Alonso, De la pronunciación medieval a la moderna en español, ultimado y dispuesto para la imprenta por Rafael Lapesa (Madrid: Gredos, 1955-69); Rafael Lapesa, Historia de la lengua española, 8th edition (Madrid:   —4→   Gredos, 1980), pp. 367-81; Emilio Alarcos Llorach, «Fonología diacrónica del español», in his Fonología española, 4th edition (Madrid: Gredos, 1965); and Douglas Gifford, «Spain and the Spanish Language», in Spain. A Companion to Spanish Studies, ed. P. E. Russell (London: Methuen, 1973), pp. 21-22. Valuable for background is H. Tracy Sturken, «Basque-Cantabrian Influence on Alfonsine Castilian», Studia Neophilologica 41 (1969), 298-306, and Thomas J. Walsh surveys in detail «Spanish Historical Linguistics: Advances in the 1980s», Hispania, 73 (1990), 177-200, treating consonants on pp. 178-79 and 191-92. A recent overview of the topic of sixteenth-century phonetic changes, on which he says «desde hace más de cuarenta años, no creo que se haya escrito en nuestro dominio tanto como de las cuestiones aludidas en el título», is offered by Emilio Alarcos Llorach, «De nuevo sobre los cambios fonéticos del siglo XVI», Actas del I Congreso Internacional de Historia de la Lengua Española (Madrid: Arco, 1988), pp. 47-59.

 

4

In contrast, Shakespeare's pronunciation has been extensively studied. The most recent entrega is that of Fausto Cercignani, Shakespeare's Works and Elizabethan Pronunciation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981); important predecessors are Helke Kökeritz, Shakespeare's Pronunciation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953), on whom Cercignani has some harsh words, and Wilhelm Viëtor, A Shakespeare Phonology (1906; rpt. New York: Ungar, 1963), on whom Kökeritz has harsh words. Curiously, for none of these scholars was English a first language.

On Cervantes' pronunciation, the only serious discussion is Francisco Rodríguez Marín's appendix on «La x de Quixote» in his «nueva edición crítica» (Madrid: Atlas, 1947-49), IX, 20-32. Joaquín López Barrera, in Cervantes y su época (Madrid, 1916), a book not for cervantistas according to its own introduction, presents on pp. 143-46 guidelines on how to pronounce the «suave» language of Cervantes. These are based on general notions of Golden Age pronunciation (s pronounced differently from ss, for example) rather than study of Cervantes. Another elementary discussion is found in Juan B. Selva, «La gramática y el Quijote», Boletín de la Academia Argentina de Letras, 16 (1947), 641-49, at pp. 645-48. I have not seen the articles of Conrado Muiños Sáenz, «La pronunciación de la x», El Averiguador Universal, March 31, 1881, and «¿Cómo pronunciaba el nombre de Don Quijote?», Revista Agustiniana 7 (1884), 199-204 and 8 (1884) 489-97, both cited by Raymond Grismer, Cervantes: A Bibliography [Vol. I] (New York: H. W. Wilson, 1946), p. 110.

Editors of Cervantes have either modernized completely and uncritically, or, nearly as uncritically, have taken fidelity to the first edition's spelling as a standard of purity and editorial virtue. The only editors to have studied questions of modernization are Allen and Schevill-Bonilla.

 

5

Ten autographs are reproduced and edited by Manuel Romera-Navarro, Autógrafos cervantinos, University of Texas Hispanic Studies, 4 (Austin: University of Texas, 1954); to these should be added the letter published by Agustín G. de Amezúa, «Una carta desconocida e inédita de Cervantes», BRAE, 34 (1954), 217-23, and from them subtracted the letter studied in the article of Rodríguez Moñino, cited in the following note.

 

6

Antonio Rodríguez-Moñino, «La carta de Cervantes al cardenal Sandoval y Rojas», NRFH, 16 (1962), 81-89, at p. 85.

 

7

As I wrote previously, «se puede entender, si ésta es su letra, cómo un compositor leyó... 'ceremonias' en vez de las 'cirimonias' de Sancho» (Las semanas del jardín de Miguel de Cervantes [Salamanca: Diputación, 1988 (1989)], p. 140). On a related point, see Helena Percas de Ponseti, «A Revision: Cervantes's Writing», Cervantes 9.2 (1989), 61-65.

 

8

Delos L. Canfield, Spanish Literature in Mexican Languages as a Source for the Study of Spanish Pronunciation (New York: Instituto de las Españas [Columbia University], 1936).

 

9

Amado Alonso, «Correspondencias arábigo-españolas en los sistemas de sibilantes», RFH, 8 (1946), 12-76; Máximo Torreblanca, «La 's' hispano-latina: el testimonio árabe», RPh, 35 (1982), 447-63; Juan Martínez Ruiz, «Lenguas en contacto: hispanoárabe granadino y castellano de repoblación», in Actas del I Congreso Internacional de Historia de la Lengua Española (Madrid: Arco, 1988), I, 149-63. I have not seen Arnald Steiger, Contribución a la fonética del hispanoárabe y de los arabismos en el ibero-románico y el siciliano (Madrid, 1932).

 

10

J. M. Sola-Solé, «El árabe y los arabismos en Cervantes», in Estudios literarios de hispanistas norteamericanos dedicados a Helmut Hatzfeld con motivo de su 80 aniversario, ed. Josep M. Sola-Solé, Alessandro Crisafulli, and Bruno Damiani (Barcelona: Hispam, 1974), pp. 209-22, at p. 222.