161
In the theory developed by the Swiss psychologist Carl Jung, the «inward face» of the human personality is called the anima in men and the animus in women. The anima archetype is the feminine side of the male psyche, while the animus is the masculine side of the female psyche. Jung believes that the human personality is characterized by its «contrasexuality», that is, that every human being exhibits both masculine and feminine qualities, kinds of behaviour, attitudes, feelings which have traditionally been considered masculine or feminine. In men, «masculine» qualities such as assertiveness, agressiveness, initiative, strength, emotional invulnerability, rational thinking, etc. are dominant while «feminine» qualities like passivity, tenderness, intuitive or «irrational» thinking, etc. are recessive. The opposite is true in women. Jung states that the individual only reaches his maximum potential when he has fully accepted his contrasexuality and has brought his masculine and feminine qualities into balance in a truly androgynous ideal. For a clear discussion and summary of Jung's theories of the animus and anima (which are scattered throughout his writings) see Calvin S. Hall and Vernon J. Nordby, A Primer of Jungian Psychology, (New York: New American Library, 1973) and M.-L. von Franz, «The Process of Individuation» in Man and his Symbols, conceived and edited by Carl G. Jung, (New York: Doubleday and Co., 1964), pp. 158-280.
162
Esther Harding, The Way of All Women (New York: G. P. Putman, 1970), p. 37.
163
Ibid.
164
Ibid., p. 50.
165
Ibid., p. 41.
166
Ibid., p. 45.
167
Benito Pérez Galdós, Tristana in Obras completas (Madrid: Aguilar, 4.ª edición, 1965), V, p. 1554. All further page references included in parentheses in the text are to this edition.
168
M.-L. von Franz, op. cit., p. 189.
169
Harding, op. cit., p. 54.
170
Ibid., p. 38.