Cf. Juan de Torquemada, Tractatus contra madianitas et ismaelitas (Defensa de los judios conversos), ed. Nicolás López Martínez and Vicente Proaño Gil, (Burgos, 1957), 71-73; Cartagena, Defensorium (see above, n. 6), 131, 269, et passim. However, we must note that even in the twenty-first century the anti-converso ideas espoused by the Toledan rebels could still find a sympathetic hearing in certain quarters.

Beginning especially with the work of Marcel Bataillon [Érasme et l'Espagne, (Paris, 1937)], many scholars have observed the centrality of the writings of St. Paul to late medieval and early modern Spanish theology and political theory. They have noted in particular the appeal of Paul to conversos and those who defended them. As this essay will show, however, those most vehemently opposed to the integration of conversos within Christian society also claimed a Pauline inheritance. Whether the conversos' opponents were responding to a pro-converso reading of Paul, or whether the reverse is true, the arguments under investigation in this essay demonstrate that the legacy of St. Paul was actively contested in the mid-fifteenth century, and both sides accused the other of heresy and Judaism. With José Luis Villacañas Berlanga, therefore, I resist labeling as heretical theological positions under active negotiation before any inquisitional declaration can have settled the matter from an official institutional perspective. See José Luis Villacañas Berlanga, «La ratio teológico-paulina de Alonso de Cartagena», in La Primera Escuela de Salamanca (1406-1516) (Salamanca, 2014), 75-94, esp. 79. Villacañas Berlanga refers to Stefania Pastore, Una herejía española: conversos, alumbrados e Inquisición (1449-1559) (Madrid, 2010). See also María Laura Giordano, «"La ciudad de nuestra conciencia": Los conversos y la construcción de la identidad judeocristiana (1449-1556)», Hispana Sacra 62, n.º 125 (June 2010): 43-91. Giordano identifies «Pauline humanism» as the central element of late-medieval converso spirituality.

On the reign of Juan (John) II of Castile, see Crónica de Juan II, Biblioteca de autores españoles (hereafter BAE) 68. See also Pedro Carrillo de Huete, Crónica del halconero de Juan II, ed. Juan de Mata Carriazo, vol. 8. Colección de crónicas españolas (Madrid, 1946). For a useful summary in English of the political turmoil that characterized Juan II's reign, see Teofilo F. Ruiz, Spain's Centuries of Crisis, 1300-1474 (Oxford, 2011), 86-94.

These events are recounted in Eloy Benito Ruano, Toledo en el siglo XV: vida política, (Madrid, 1961), 34-35.

See for example Alonso de Cartagena, Tratados Militares, ed. Noel Fallows, Colección Clásicos (Madrid, 2006); Ángel Gómez Moreno, «La Quëstión del Marqués de Santillana a don Alfonso de Cartagena», El Crotalón 2 (1985): 335-63; Mosén Diego de Valera, «Espejo de verdadera nobleza», in Prosistas castellanos del siglo XV, ed. Mario Penna, (Madrid, 1959), 89-116. Juan Rodríguez del Padrón, «La cadira de honor», in Obras completas, ed. César Hernández Alonso (Madrid, 1982), 259-304. For an extended study of the contemporary debates over nobility and chivalry see Jesús D. Rodríguez Velasco, El debate sobre la caballería en el siglo XV: la tratadística caballeresca castellana en su marco europeo, (Salamanca, 1996).

The Aragonese king, Alfonso V, spent much of this time tending to his realm in Naples, leaving his wife, Doña María, and brother, Juan of Navarre, to manage affairs in Aragon. Netanyahu notes that the king's absence strengthened the influence of the Cortes, or representative governmental bodies, which were already stronger in Aragon than in Castile. Netanyahu, Origins of the Inquisition (see above, n. 1), 279.

«Item mandamus quod, postquam aliqui iudei conversi fuerint ad fidem Xpi., omnes de dominio nostro honorent eos et nullus audeat detrahere illis, nec eorum progeniebus, quod fuerint iudei per modum vituperii: et quod possunt habere officia et honores quos habent alii xpiani». Cited in Torquemada, Tractatus contra madianitas (see above, n. 11.), 128. Juan II cites Partida 7, tit. 24, l. 6, recently printed in Las siete partidas del rey Don Alfonso el Sabio (Toronto, 2011).

The text of the «Petition» is published as doc. 15 in Benito Ruano, Toledo en el siglo XV (see above, n. 14), 186-190; see also 41-42. It is also contained in Pedro Carrillo de Huete, Crónica del halconero de Juan II, ed. Juan de Mata Carriazo, vol. 8, Colección de crónicas españolas (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1946), 520-526. The missing last part of the Crónica, contained in its Abreviación, was published by Carriazo in his edition of the Refundicón: Lope de Barrientos, Refundición De La Crónica Del Halconero, ed. Carriazo, Juan de Mata, vol. 9, Colección de crónicas españolas (Madrid, 1946), CXCIII-CXCIV. The two testimonies of the petition given in the Crónica del halconero de Juan II and in the Crónica de Juan II have recently been edited in González Rolán and Saquero Suárez-Somonte, De la Sentencia-Estatuto (see above n. 5), 1-12 . All references here will use the version published by Benito Ruano. The long delay in the king's response to the rebels indicates the more general turmoil affecting the realm. Before he set out for Toledo in April the Juan II was engaged in a siege of the village of Benevente, on the border with Portugal and seat of one of the many Castilian nobles in league with the king's political enemies. In February Alvaro de Luna's troops were called to aid those of Bishop Lope de Barrientos in Cuenca, on Castile's eastern border with Aragon, to defend an incursion led by the illegitimate son of Juan I of Navarre and supported by other Castilian nobles. See Benito Ruano, Toledo en el siglo XV and Alvar García de Santa María, Crónica de Juan II de Castilla, ed. Juan de Mata Carriazo y Arroquia (Madrid, 1982), año 1449.

The events of Toledo, 1449, have been recounted by several scholars. See for example Benito Ruano, Toledo en el siglo XV (see above, n. 14); Nicholas G. Round, «La rebelión toledana de 1449: Aspectos ideológicos», Archivum 16 (1966): 385-446, and Netanyahu, Origins of the Inquisition (see above, n. 1), 217-712. Guillermo Verdín-Díaz provides a useful introduction in Alonso de Cartagena, Alonso de Cartagena y el Defensorium unitatis christianae., trans. Guillermo Verdín-Díaz (Oviedo, 1992), 15-57.

A recent, critical edition of the Apelacçión e suplicaçión del bachiller Marcos García de Mora en su favor e de Pero Sarmiento y de esta çibdad de Toledo en tiempo del rey don Juan el segundo has been published in González Rolán and Saquero Suárez-Somonte, De la Sentencia-Estatuto, 193-242 (see above, n. 5). It was previously published as «El memorial contra los conversos del Bachiller Marcos García de Mora («Marquillos de Marambroz»)», ed. Eloy Benito Ruano, Sefarad XVII (1957): 320-51.