On women as scapegoats, see Dorothy Dinnerstein: «What women want is to stop serving as scapegoats (their own scapegoats as well as men's and children's scapegoats) for human resentment of the human condition. They want this so painfully and so pervasively, and until quite recently it was such a hopeless thing to want, that they have not yet been able to say out loud that they want it» (The Mermaid and the Minotaur [New York: Harper & Row, 19761, p. 234). (N. from the A.)

On Anselmo as voyeur: «Anselmo se encerró en un asposento y por los agujeros de la cerradura estuvo mirando y escuchando lo que los dos trataban» (I.33); and «Todo lo miraba Anselmo, cubierto detrás de unos tapices donde se había escondido» (I. 34). (N. from the A.)

Orlando Furioso, 43.6. An imprudent character in Orlando Furioso called Anselmo -a victim of Ariosto's dreaded cup-test [OF, 43.6]- may have provided Cervantes both the name of his anti-hero in El curioso and that of his Second Shepherd in the «Goatherd's Tale». In this last, Cervantes represents as a locus of misogynistic lamentation a pseudo-Arcadia where men such as Anselmo and Eugenio take up full-time careers of «railing at the frivolity of women» (I.51). (N. from the A.)

Robert Bicket's Lai du Cor [Lay of the Horn], MS: Bodleian Library, Oxford, Digby 86. See English prose translation in Medieval English Literature, ed. Thomas Garbaty (Lexington, Mass.: Diana Heath, 1984). In this lay, Guinevere protests that the horn is «too veracious», as it tests unfaithful thoughts as well as acts. In «A Note on El Curioso impertinente», Rudolph Schevill reprints the story of the chastity-test in Christophoro Gnospho's El Crotalón, published in Madrid in 1871, because of its similarity to El curioso impertinente. Schevill here also footnotes a series of «peculiar tests of chastity and virtue» to be found in early prose fiction, the fabliaux, Amadís de Gaula, and Palmerín de Oliva (Revue Hispanique, 22 [March 19101, 452n.) (N. from the A.)

Metaphor (London: Methuen, 1972), p. 4. It is suggestive that the name of the metaphor that channels the close male friendship in El curioso will be personified, impregnated, and turned into a brass monkey in Part II of the Quijote, when the Princess Antonomasia falls to don Clavijo (II.38). (N. from the A.)

Freud, The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud To Wilhelm Fliess: 1887-1904, trans. and ed. Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1985), Letter of August 7, 1901. It gives many of us pause to think that the seduction theory, as well as the Oedipus complex, were the brain-children of this documented male «thralldom» -and that this enthralling friendship's most immediate victim, Emma Eckstein (whose «suspicious nose» had to suffer Fliess's nasal psychosurgery) was a kind of latter-day de-nosed puppet- a «Melisendra desnarigada» (II.26). (N. from the A.)

The notion of male hysteria, first tentatively noted by Aretaeus and Galen, was unequivocally voiced by a contemporary of Cervantes, the French physician Charles Lepois (1563-1633), more commonly known as Carolus Piso (see Ilza Veith, Hysteria: the History of a Disease [Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1965], pp. 128-29). On the «ambiguous» Cervantes / Curioso, see Francisco Ayala, Los dos amigos», Revista de Occidente, 3 (1965), 290. (N. from the A.)

See Rudolph M. Bell, Holy Anorexia (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1986), and Joan Jacobs Brumberg, Fasting Girls: The Emergence of Anorexia Nervosa (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1986). Consider ed. Shoshona Felman's intelligent plea «to generate implications» between psychoanalysis and literature (Literature and Psychoanalysis: The Question of Reading: Otherwise [Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1971), p. 9). (N. from the A.)

Harry Sieber, «On Juan Huarte de San Juan and Anselmo's Locura in «El curioso impertinente», Revista Hispánica Moderna, 36 (1970-71), 2, n. 7 on hysteria. Sieber's diagnosis was based on the authentic discourse of the Renaissance -on the humoral theories expounded by Huarte de San Juan in his Examen de ingenios (1575). Theorizing that psyche follows soma, Huarte had written that the disease pica (a.k.a. malacia) can additionally attack the understanding [el entendimiento, el cerebro], and when that happens, «allí vemos juicios y composturas extrañas» (p. 4). The use of hysteria as a diagnostic category was contested by E. Slater in «The diagnosis of hysteria», British Medical journal (1965), 1, 1395-99. Leclaire's question, from his essay «Jerome, or Death in the Life of the Obsessional», is cited by Stuart Schneiderman in Jacques Lacan: The Death of an Intellectual Hero (Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1983), p. 59. (N. from the A.)

Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences, trans. of Les Mots et les choses (New York: Vintage, 1973), pp. 46-47. (N. from the A.)