111
For more on the comparison of Rosamunda and Transila, see Forcione, Christian Romance 120-22. (N. from the A.)
112
Forcione, Mystery of Lawlessness 224, note 63. (N. from the A.)
113
Ruth El Saffar, Beyond Fiction: The Recovery of the Feminine in the Novels of Cervantes (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, England: U of California P, 1984) 144. (N. from the A.)
114
For an introduction to the carnivalesque and its literary forms, as well as for some general remarks on Sancho's popular festive dimension, see Mikhail Bakhtin, Rabelais and His World, trans. Hèléne Iswolsky (1968, Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1984). In recent years, there have appeared several more detailed studies of the squire and his relation to carnivalesque culture. See, for example, Agustín Redondo, «Tradición carnavalesca y creación literaria del personaje de Sancho Panza al episodio de la ínsula Barataria en el 'Quijote,'» Bulletin Hispanique 80 (1978): 39-70; Marilyn Stewart's references to various instances in which Sancho brings the plot down to the corporeal level in certain inn scenes in Part One in her article «Carnival and Don Quixote: The Folk Tradition of Comedy», The Terrain of Comedy, ed. Louise Cowan (Dallas: Dallas Institute of Humanities and Culture, 1984) 143-62; Forcione's examination of the carnivalesque banquet colloquy between Sancho and Tomé Cecial (Mystery of Lawlessness 204-13); and my study of the way in which Cervantes takes the carnival spirit in the direction of the modern novel through his development of the squire's transgressive, popular festive discourse («Cervantes and the Carnival Spirit», diss., Stanford U, 1989). (N. from the A.)
115
This is a paper from a symposium on Los Trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda, as is explained in the Foreword of this issue of the journal. (N. from the E.)
116
My point here is not that differences between the sexes went unrecognized in pre-modern cultures. Rather, I am suggesting that gender was but one among many determinants of subjectivity (and not the primary one). In seventeenth-century Spain in particular, social hierarchy was a much more powerful category. Thus aristocratic women could more easily gain access to education, for example, than a man from a subordinate group. On this issue, see Leonard Tennenhouse, «Violence done to women on the Renaissance stage» in N. Armstrong and L. Tennenhouse, eds., The Violence of Representation: Literature and the history of violence (London and New York: Routledge, 1989), pp. 77-97. (N. from the A.)
117
BAE 36, p. xx. (N. from the A.)
118
The Old World and the New, 1492-1650 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), p. 47. (N. from the A.)
119
Miguel de Cervantes, Los trabajos de Persiles y Sigismunda, ed. Juan Bautista Avalle-Arce (Madrid: Castalia, 1986), p. 417. All subsequent references are to this edition. (N. from the A.)
120
Centellas de varios conceptos (1614) in BAE 65, p. 524. (N. from the A.)