V. F. Goldsmith, A short title catalogue of Spanish and Portuguese books 1601-1700 in the Library of the British Museum, London, 1974.

The reverse is true of Henry Thomas's Short-title catalogue of Spanish books printed before 1601 in the British Museum, London, 1921, which provided a basis for the sixteenth-century items in the present General Catalogue.

J. Simón Díaz, Bibliografía de la literatura hispánica, 2nd edn., Madrid, 1960; and La bibliografía: conceptos y aplicaciones, Barcelona, 1971.

A. Palau y Dulcet, Manual del librero hispano-americano, Barcelona, 1948.

A. Antonio de Nebrija, Grammatica castellana, Salamanca, 1492, a2r: «siempre la lengua fue compañera del imperio».

In a document written in late 1624 or early 1625, the Seville printer Juan Serrano de Vargas, who was much concerned at the infiltration into Spain of pernicious foreign material, claimed that «if it were not for the curb imposed by the Holy Office [the Inquisition], Spanish printers would do even worse things than the foreigners, because they have little work, their expenses are great and their needs many, and because there are forty-seven master printers in Castile and Andalusia, when thirteen or fourteen would suffice...» (M. Agulló y Cobo, «La inquisición y los libreros españoles en el siglo XVII», Cuadernos bibliográficos, 28, Madrid, 1972, 147). For a similar complaint about the moral and economic harm done by imported foreign books in Spain, see Cristóbal Suárez de Figueroa's El Passagero, Madrid, 1913 (princeps 1617), p. 73. The timing of Serrano's complaint is particularly interesting since Spanish book-production reached its height in 1623, and was already declining by 1624-5. By 1675 there were about fifty printers (masters and journeymen) in Madrid, and they were very poor because they had no work: «entre Maestros, y Oficiales no llegan en Madrid a cincuenta; Son muy pobres, porque no tienen empleo, y su mayor caudal consiste en quatro Caxas, y dos Prensas» (M. de Cabrera Núñez de Guzmán, Discurso legal, histórico, y politico, en prueba del origen, progressos, utilidad, nobleza, y excelencias del arte de la imprenta, Madrid, 1675, fol. 27v).

P. Gaskell, A new introduction to bibliography, Oxford, 1973, p. 176.

For shortage of skilled labour, see J. H. Elliott, Imperial Spain 1469-1716, London, 1963, pp. 181, 187, 293; for inflation, see especially J. Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs, London, 1964-9, ii. 7-8. For the unproductive direction of capital into government bonds, etc., see Elliott, pp. 199 and 313, and Lynch, ii. 9.

For the restrictions imposed on the book trade through taxes, licences, etc., see P. Bohigas, El libro español, Barcelona, 1962, pp. 210-16, and Simón Díaz, La bibliografía, pp. 146-72. For financial loss caused by giving complimentary copies to members of the royal council, or by the suppression of complete editions, see J. M. Blecua, «Dos memoriales de libreros a Felipe IV», in Homenaje a Casalduero, Madrid, 1972, pp. 97, 99.

For example, the costs of Calderón's Primera parte of 1636 were met by Pedro Coello and Manuel López; reprints of some partes were shared by two or even three printers (D. W. Cruickshank, «Calderón's Primera and Tercera partes: the reprints of "1640" and "1664"», The Library, V, 25, 1970, 105-19). Calderón's Autos of 1717 exist in five recorded states, printed partly in Madrid, partly in Bilbao, on different lots of paper (E. M. Wilson, «Further notes on the Pando editions of Calderón's Autos», Hispanic Review, 30, 1962, 296-303).