Freud wrote about the role of fantasy in the loss of reality in: «The Loss of Reality in Neurosis and Psychosis» [1924], in: Standard Edition, XIX, 183-87. In this and a companion article, «Neurosis and Psychosis», Freud applies his new theories about the mental apparatus (as set forth in The Ego and the Id): Ibid., XIX, 149-53.

José F. Montesinos, Galdós, II (Madrid, 1969), 201-73. He comments that simply because other characters in the novel believe Maxi to be impotent does not prove that he is in fact. Galdós' text strongly implies that Maxi had relations with the prostitutes to whom he was introduced by a college friend: «Fortunata y Jacinta», Obras, V, 163.

Bertram Lewin, The Psychoanalysis of Elation (London, 1951). See also Freud, «Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego» [1921], in: Standard Edition, XVIII, 69-143.

The concept of «la locura como baluarte» was perceived by Ricardo Gullón: Galdós, novelista moderno, 2nd ed. (Madrid, 1966), 210-11.

Espinosa, Asistencia psiquiátrica, 141-42.

Shoemaker, «D. José Ido del Sagrario», Hispanic Review, 222. (The clinical prognosis of the illness of Ido and of Maximiliano is that of the authors, not of Shoemaker).

Dr. José Rallo, a psychoanalyst in Madrid and the formal discussant of this paper at the 1973 International Congress of Psychoanalysis, in Paris, is the co-author of a paper on the relatively frequent practice in Spain of «handing-over» children by a fertile woman to her mother or to her sterile sister, «out of a sense of guilty motherhood, hoping in this way to make amends for her blameworthiness or to placate her persecution fears». Dr. Rallo considered this applicable to the relationship between Fortunata and Jacinta. Dr. Edith Buxbaum, the formal discussant of the paper when it was presented to the Seattle Psychoanalytic Society on March 11, 1974, added that the «handing over» of children occurred in Seattle also.

Garma, «Jaqueca, seudo-oligofrenia y delirio en un personaje de Pérez Galdós», Ficción, 84-102. For an account of Dr. Garma's many contributions to the field of psychoanalysis, see the introduction by the late Bertram Lewin to the English translation of Garma's book: The Psychoanalysis of Dreams (Chicago, 1966). Garma's special concerns have been migraines and deliria, which he analyzes in the case of Maximiliano.

Leota Elliott erroneously classifies Maximiliano as a psychoneurotic: «Galdós and Abnormal Psychology», Hispania, 32-33. Walton says Maxi suffers only from an inferiority complex: «Psicología anormal en Galdós», Boletín del Instituto Español, 12. Gullón employs the term paranoia: «Estructura y diseño en 'Fortunata y Jacinta'», Técnicas de Galdós (Madrid, 1970), 156.

Georges Guillain, J.-M. Charcot, 1825-1893. His Life-His Work, edited and translated by Pearce Bailey (New York, 1959). Both Guillain and Bailey are physicians, thus making it a valuable study.