101
An installment for 28 September (XXVIII, 267-274), signed only «G.», may also be his (Hinterhailser, p. 139, attributes it to Galdós but incorrectly dates it as the article for 28 August). While it is not our purpose to identify the article at this time, it must be acknowledged that the style and content bear a marked similarity and continuity to Galdós' articles. Moreover, the signature «G.» is easily explained if one keeps in mind that he was referred to by his friends as «Galdós» at about that time (v, e.g. the fifth letter in the Epistolario de Pereda y Menéndez Pelayo [Santander, 1953], p. 18).
102
The objectivity of these essays must not be taken for granted, however. Perusal of contemporary newspapers immediately demonstrates the extent to which biased reportage dominated Spanish journalism (v, e.g., Eugene Savaiano, «La reacción de la prensa española contra Amadeo de Saboya como rey de España», Hispanófila, núm. 19 [1963], 39-54). In this sense, therefore, Galdós' articles in the Revista de España constitute, as will be shown, a rather remarkable historical commentary.
103
A notable aspect of the Galdós essays in the «Revista politica interior» is their abundance of literary precedents for Galdós' early novels. A detailed examination of this problem, as well as a more complete examination of his attitudes towards the clergy per se, will be found in my introduction to the forthcoming edition of these articles.
104
The historical sketch is gleaned from the following passages unless otherwise noted. General historical studies are Raymond Carr, Spain, 1808-1939 (Oxford, 1966), pp. 319-327, 337-342, and Melchor Fernández Almagro, Historia política de la España contemporánea, 2nd. ed. (Madrid, 1968), 1, 108-160. Stanley G. Payne, Politics and the Military in Modern Spain (Stanford, 1967), pp. 1-33, discusses the background of the military problem. Juan Diaz del Moral, Historia de las agitaciones campesinas andaluzas, 2nd. ed. (Madrid, 1967), pp. 87-116, and José Termes Ardévol, El movimiento obrero en España: La primera Internacional, 1864-1881 (Barcelona, 1965), pp. 49-87, discuss the workers' movement. C. A. M. Hennessy, The Federal Republic in Spain (Oxford, 1962), pp. 103-169, explores the politics of the middle class left, and RomAn Oyarzún, Historia del Carlismo (Bilbao, 1939), pp. 345-362, the Carlist movement during 1870-1872.
105
Termes, p. 46.
106
Ibid., p. 59.
107
See Antonio Jutglar Bemaus, «Fenomenología social de la Revolución», RO, VI, núm. 67 (octubre, 1968), 116-143, and especially 130-133, 136-138, 141. Hennessy, pp. 87-88, 155-158, 206-207 and 249 establishes Federal Republican membership in this middle class.
108
Diaz del Moral, p. 97; Hennessy, pp. 231-232; Antonio Jutglar Bernaus, Federalismo y revolución (Barcelona, 1966), pp. 153-157; Termes, pp. 109-111. On pp. 95-96 Termes concisely presents the reaction of the Republican government to the workers in general, and states (96). «Desde el primer momento el gobierno republicano, no la República, defraudé a los obreros radicales [i.e., revolucionarios]. Medidas como la de prohibir las juntas Revolucionarias, organismos antimonárquicos fueron profundamente impopulares. Y al impedir el reparto de tierras, utilizando las tradicionales y no muy bien vistas fuerzas armadas, el nuevo régimen se granjeó la enemiga de los campesinos.»
109
Both Diaz del Moral, p. 94, and Hennessy, pp. 149-150 and 154, discuss middle class reaction to the Commune.
110
The influx of neo-Catholics revived Carlism, particularly as a formidable parliamentary adversary backed by a well-organized press (v also nn 17 and 18). Oyarzún, p. 332, notes that the neos brought into the party many newspapers and journalists «...pero pocos guerreros...» From 1868-1871, the number of Carlist papers increased from approximately ten to 112 (idem, 329-333). In addition, v Hennessy, p. 146.