31
The above three critical views on self-sacrifice belong, respectively, to James Fitzmaurice-Kelly, «Cervantes and Shakespeare», Proceedings of the British Academy (1916), vol. VII, p. 23; Alberto Navarro, «Dulcinea del Toboso», in El Quijote español en el siglo XVII (Madrid: Rialp, 1964), p. 164; and Arthur Efron, Don Quixote and the Dulcineated World (Austin: Univ. of Texas Press, 1971), p. vi. (N. from the A.)
32
It is telling that the word trabajos was not used in the title of Cervantes' Byzantine model, Heliodorus' Historia etiópica de los amores de Teágenes y Cariclea, translated by Fernando de Mena in 1587. When do amores become trabajos? Iris Murdoch's definition of love as «the extremely difficult realization that something other than oneself is real» speaks to this shift (Chicago Review 13, Autumn 1959, p. 51). (N. from the A.)
33
«The Persiles Mystery», in Cervantes Across the Centuries, ed. Angel Flores and M. J. Benardete (New York: Dryden, 1947), p. 230. The Persiles was competing, after all, with one of the writers known as Erotici Graeci, who were in the habit of dedicating their works to Eros. (N. from the A.)
34
«Dedicatoria», El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha, II, ed. Luis Andrés Murillo (Madrid: Castalia, 1978), p. 39; «Prólogo al lector», Novelas ejemplares, in Obras completas, ed. A. Valbuena Prat, 10th ed. (Madrid: Aguilar, 956), p. 770; «Aprobación» and «Dedicatoria», Persiles, pp. 41 and 44-45. (N. from the A.)
35
«Persiles y Sigismunda, Los trabajos de», The Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature, ed. Philip Ward, 1978 ed. (N. from the A.)
36
Wyndham Lewis, The Shadow of Cervantes (New York: Sheed & Ward, 1962), p. 188. For a brief survey of eighteenth and nineteenth century scholars who regarded the Persiles favorably, see Rudolph Schevill, «Studies in Cervantes: I. 'Persiles y Sigismunda': Introduction», Modern Philology, 4 (1906-1907), 1-24. In the main, however, Continental criticism has affected what the Austral editor calls «un desprecio exagerado» for the Persiles. (N. from the A.)
37
E. Díez-Echarri and J. M. Roca Franquesa, Historia general de la literatura española e hispanoamericana, 2nd ed. (Madrid: Aguilar, 1966), p. 366. On the rhetorical convention of «the outdoing topos» see Ernst Robert Curtius, European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages, trans. Willard Trask (New York: Harper and Row, 1953), pp. 162-65. One could also say that Cervantes «kidnapped» the Aethiopica, i.e., used its romance formulas in order «to reflect certain ascendant... social ideals» (see Frye, Secular Scripture, on «kidnapping» romance, pp. 29-30). (N. from the A.)
38
«El olvido del Persiles», Boletín de la Real Academia Española, 48 (1968), 74-75. (N. from the A.)
39
Cervantes' Christian Romance: A Study of Persiles and Sigismunda (Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1972), p. 60n., and p. 11. Forcione's allegorical reading of the Persiles discloses an orthodox Christian plan, a redemptive not an erotic one: the Persiles has yet to be read as an allegory of love. (N. from the A.)
40
Cervantes: A Biography (New York: Doubleday, 1978), pp. 511-14. (N. from the A.)