11
«Honesto», itself, in all its variations, seems to be used with derisive, mocking irony in the novel. The abundance of references to honesty that surround the initial appearance of Galatea in the novel (at least seven, I, 17-18), certainly call attention to themselves and arouse at least some suspicion in the reader. Of course, Galatea proves to be beyond reproach in the novel, but the same cannot be said for all of the characters that merit the epithet, which occurs nearly seventy times in the novel.
12
Professor Avalle-Arce points this out on several occasions. See his introduction, «El concepto del amor», xviii-xxiv and, in the text, in notes, I, 86-7, I, 125 and I, 187.
13
This motif is studied by E. H. Templin in The Exculpation of «Yerros por amores» in the Spanish «Comedia», in Publications of the University of California at Los Angeles in Languages and Literature, 1 (1933), 1-49. See also my forthcoming «Further Observations on Violence in the Pastoral Novel», to be published in the proceedings of the «X Annual Hispanic Literatures Conference, Indiana University of Pennsylvania».
14
The importance of marriage as the Christian ideal of love is the focus of Joaquín Casalduero's «La Galatea», in Suma Cervantina, eds. J. B. Avalle-Arce and E. C. Riley, (London: Tamesis, 1973), pp. 27-46. See also Marcel Bataillon, «Cervantes et le 'mariage chretien'», Bulletin Hispanique, 49 (1947), 129-44.
15
Erasmus of Rotterdam is the most likely source of transmission of the adage Fortes fortuna adiuvat. The notion that fortune favors the bold is present in Cicero, Tusculan Questions, Virgil's Aeneid, Ennius' Annals, Ovid's Fasti, Livy's Macedonian War, etc. See Desiderius Erasmus, Collected Works of Erasmus 31: Adages Ii1 to Iv100, trans. Margaret Mann Phillips, annotated by R. A. B. Mynors, (Toronto, Buffalo and London: University of Toronto Press, 1982), 2, pp. 187-88. More on violence can be found in Barbara Mujica, «Violence in the Pastoral Novel from Sannazaro to Cervantes», Hispano-Italic Studies, 1 (1976), 39-55; her «Antiutopian Elements in the Spanish Pastoral Novel», Kentucky Romance Quarterly, 26 (1979), 263-82; Cesáreo Bandera, Mímesis conflictiva: Ficción literaria y violencia en Cervantes y Calderón, (Madrid: Gredos, 1975), pp. 9-171. See also my study, cited in note thirteen above.