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81

See Sten 1973 for an analysis of verb tenses in literary usage; Hutchins 1975 for a statistical account of verb forms in speech; and Martin 1976 (reviewed in Naro 1977) for a generative view of temporal relations in which it is submitted that the inflected infinitive is not part of speakers' native competence. For an analysis of social variation of that verb form, see Koike 1985.

 

82

Hutchins 1975 registers 215 instances of the inflected infinitive out of 81,091 verb forms.

 

83

Hutchins 1975 registers only one instance of the pluperfect simple, 139 of the compound variant with ter, and 48 with haver, out of 81,091 verbal forms.

 

84

As Houaiss (1985: 88-89) puts it, «Os portugueses cultos, isto é, letrados... representariam algo como 0,5% a 1% da população, no correr dos séculos XVI a XVIII... a imensa maioria portuguesa (e brasileira) até fins do século XVIII era não letrada, iletrada, iliteratada, analfabeta, e falava o português vernáculo -isto é, o que haviam aprendido em casa- já marcado pela interferência do ambiente linguageiro misto».

 

85

Research suggest that casual contact with the prestige dialect, in the absence of formal school instruction, is not sufficient for vernacular speakers to substitute standard forms for stigmatized vernacular ones (Bortoni-Ricardo 1981: 93).

 

86

«Among speakers of the lower socio-economic levels, [the agreement] rule is currently undergoing a process of elimination from the grammar» (Naro 1981: 63).

 

87

This work was made possible though a grant from the University of Iowa Center for International and Comparative Studies and the Midwest Universities Consortium on International Activities. I thank Archana Kakodker who facilitate research in Goa and Kathleen Taylor who assisted in sorting words.

 

88

Diego Catalán ed. Reliquias de la épica hispánica, 2ª ed., reproducción de la 2ª ed. príncipe de las Obras de Ramón Menéndez Pidal (Madrid: Gredos, 1980) contains the text from the Primera Crónica General [PCG], pp. 181-98, and from the Crónica de 1344 and the Interpolación de la Tercera Crónica General together on pp. 199-236. The texts are also found, with other fragmentary versions and full commentary, in R. Menéndez Pidal, La Leyenda de los siete Infantes de Lara (Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1971): his Obras 1, a reproduction with additions of the original 1896 ed. Textual references here will be to the Catalán Reliquias, with texts essentially similar to those of the 1896 ed. although following a different manuscript of the PCG.

 

89

Basque tends to avoid rising diphthongs including ia; thus biar «tomorrow» is often rendered biyar. A change of lamia to lamiña, with diffusion of the nasal, would be analogous to the formation of biyar, but of course this is speculation on an undocumented stage in the development of Basque. At any rate, Caro Baroja's identification of lamiña with lamia is highly plausible linguistically.

 

90

Sobre este punto véase la introducción de Mata Carriazo, xxxiv.

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