See Salvador de Madariaga, Don Quijote: An Introductory Essay in Psychology (London: Oxford University Press, 1961). (N. from the A.)

Putnam wrongly translates bala as «arrow», just as he wrongly translates arcabuces as «muskets». (N. from the A.)

José Antonio Maravall has argued that Cervantes made use of literary traditions which advanced pastoral ideals, and combined them with the literature on chivalry, in order to illustrate the utopian character of the opposition to modernity. See his Utopía y contrautopía, p. 172. (N. from the A.)

On the subject of pastoralism, see Juan Bautista Avalle-Arce, La novela pastoril española, 2nd ed. (Madrid: Ediciones Istmo, 1974). See also Américo Castro, El pensamiento de Cervantes (Madrid: Imprenta de la Librería y Casa Editorial Hernando, 1925). 187-190. (N. from the A.)

On the subject of Don Quijote's decline, see Madariaga, pp. 173-185. See also A. J. Close, Miguel de Cervantes: «Don Quijote» (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 81-88, and Howard Mancing, The Chivalric World of «Don Quijote:» Style, Structure, and Narrative Technique (Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 1982), especially chapters 3 and 5, «Knighthood Defeated», pp. 85-126, and «Knighthood Denied», pp. 167-215. (N. from the A.)

Juan Bautista Avalle-Arce argues that the presence of the book is central to Don Quijote. Without the books on chivalry, Don Quijote is «unthinkable and impossible» as a novel. See the prologue to his edition of Don Quijote de la Mancha, 2 vols. (Madrid: Editorial Alhambra, 1979), p. 8. Américo Castro has also emphasized the centrality of books for Don Quijote in his Hacia Cervantes, 3rd ed. (Madrid: Taurus, 1967), especially in the chapter entitled «La palabra escrita y el Quijote», pp. 359-408. Carlos Fuentes has emphasized the connection between books and Don Quijote's adoption of a worldview in his Cervantes o la crítica de la lectura (Mexico: Editorial Joaquín Mortiz, 1976). (N. from the A.)

Daniel Eisenberg has written extensively on sixteenth-century romances of chivalry, as well as on the connection between these books and Don Quijote. In particular, see his Romances of Chivalry in the Spanish Golden Age (Newark, DE: Juan de la Cuesta Hispanic Monographs, 1982). See also Sir Henry Thomas, Spanish and Portuguese Romances of Chivalry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920), and Edwin Williamson, The Half-Way House of Fiction: «Don Quijote» and Arthurian Romance (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984). (N. from the A.)

Lucien Febvre and Henri-Jean Martin, The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing, 1450-1800, trans. by David Gerard and edited by Geoffrey Nowell-Smith and David Wootton (London: NLB, 1976), p. 262. These figures are based on average press runs of 500 copies for the period before 1500 and 1000 copies during the sixteenth century. This brings the number of titles to 30-35 thousand for the first period, and 150 to 200 thousand for the second. Febvre and Martin consider these to be conservative figures. On the significance of the greatly increased number of copies of books, see Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Press as an Agent of Change: Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early-Modern Europe, vol. 1 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979), p. 169. On the reading preferences of an expanded readership made possible by print, see J. H. Parry, The Age of Reconaissance: Discovery, Exploration and Settlement, 1450 to 1650 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981), p. 34. (N. from the A.)

Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962), p. 142. (N. from the A.)

100

Febvre and Martin, p. 286. (N. from the A.)