31
R. L. Kagan, Students and Society in Early Modern Spain (Baltimore, 1974), p. 26.
32
Those able to read but not write range from one to ten per cent of the adult population (Cipolla, p. 11).
33
See his Conservación de monarchías (Madrid, 1621), discurso 46 (quoted by Kagan, p. 42).
34
J. Ximénez Samaniego, Relación de la vida de la Venerable Madre Sor María de Jesús (Madrid, 1750), p. 18.
35
The Life of Captain Alonso Contreras (London, 1926), p. 12. Alonso does not give his age while at school in Madrid, but before he enlisted in September 1595 he had spent a year in disgrace in Ávila, so he cannot have been more than twelve.
36
G. Brenan, St John of the Cross (Cambridge, 1973), p. 5.
37
See pages 325-29 of the edition of Madrid, 1728, of his Obras históricas, políticas, filosóphicas, morales.
38
No labourer in seventeenth-century Europe could readily afford a book. A Castilian labourer's annual wage was 9,000 maravedís in 1603, 13,300 (or 250 a week) in 1650 (Lynch, vol. 11, p. 8); so a week's wages would just have bought the 1654 edition of Góngora's complete works (248 maravedís). But four maravedís would buy a sheet of ballads, so that ephemeral literature was well within the reach of even the poorest-paid Spaniard.
39
Flann O'Brien (Brian O'Nolan), At Swim-two-birds (Harmondsworth, 1967), p. 25.
40
See Wilson, «Nuevos documentos...», pp. 163-64, especially «Parece que era más fácil imprimir un pasaje sospechoso que hacerlo recitar en las tablas».